What is Omega-3 Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA)?

Summary

Optimal Intake (male 85kg/181cm / female 52kg/171cm)

Cognitive optimization male: 1.6-3.0 g/day with appropriate cofactors
Cognitive optimization female: 1.1-2.0 g/day with appropriate cofactors
Energy optimization male: 1.6-2.0 g/day (standard activity), 2.0-3.0 g/day (athletic performance)
Energy optimization female: 1.1-1.6 g/day (standard activity), 1.6-2.0 g/day (athletic performance)
Optimal blood levels: Not typically measured directly; efficacy assessed through EPA/DHA levels

Five best animal sources:

Grass-fed beef: 100g provides 80 mg (1.6g RDA reached with 2kg)
Pasture-raised eggs: 1 large egg provides 30 mg (1.6g RDA reached with 53 eggs)
Wild-caught salmon: 100g provides 50-100 mg (1.6g RDA reached with 1.6-3.2kg)
Sardines: 100g provides 40-50 mg (1.6g RDA reached with 3.2-4kg)
Mackerel: 100g provides 50-100 mg (1.6g RDA reached with 1.6-3.2kg)

Five best non-animal sources:

Flaxseeds: 1 tbsp (10g) provides 2.3g (1.6g RDA reached with 0.7 tbsp)
Chia seeds: 1 tbsp (12g) provides 1.8g (1.6g RDA reached with 0.9 tbsp)
Walnuts: 28g (1 oz) provides 2.6g (1.6g RDA reached with 0.6 oz)
Hemp seeds: 1 tbsp (10g) provides 0.9g (1.6g RDA reached with 1.8 tbsp)
Canola oil: 1 tbsp (14g) provides 1.3g (1.6g RDA reached with 1.2 tbsp)

Consistent intake required? Yes, ALA is an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the body. Regular intake is necessary because ALA is not stored in significant amounts and has a relatively short half-life in the body. Daily consumption ensures a steady supply for conversion to EPA and DHA and for its direct functions.

Are higher doses dangerous? No established upper limit, but intakes up to 6-7g/day appear safe for most adults. Extremely high intakes may theoretically increase bleeding risk in combination with blood-thinning medications. Plant-based ALA sources like flaxseed oil may oxidize quickly, so freshness is important.

Optimal timing for intake:

With meals: Consume with meals containing some fat to enhance absorption
Morning/afternoon: Some evidence suggests taking omega-3s earlier in the day may optimize utilization
Consistency: More important than specific timing; establish a regular pattern of intake
Meal spacing: Consider splitting larger doses across multiple meals for improved absorption

Introduction

Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) is an essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that the human body cannot synthesize and must obtain from dietary sources. It is an 18-carbon fatty acid with three double bonds (18:3n-3) and serves as the parent compound for the omega-3 fatty acid family.

ALA plays several direct roles in the body and also functions as a precursor to the longer-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), although the conversion efficiency in humans is relatively limited:

Approximately 5-10% of ALA converts to EPA
Less than 5% (often only 0.5-2%) converts to DHA
Conversion is generally more efficient in women than men
Conversion can be impaired by high intake of omega-6 fatty acids, alcohol consumption, aging, and certain health conditions

Despite conversion limitations, ALA provides unique benefits independently of its role as a precursor. It is incorporated into cell membranes, influences inflammation pathways, and affects gene expression related to lipid metabolism.

According to Dr. Andrew Huberman, while EPA and DHA often receive more attention for brain health, ALA has its own distinct benefits for metabolic health and energy production. Dr. Paul Saladino notes that for those on animal-based diets, the focus should be more on preformed EPA and DHA from animal sources, while Dr. Rhonda Patrick emphasizes the complementary benefits of both plant-derived ALA and marine-derived EPA/DHA.

Effects at Different ALA Levels

Optimal Levels

Efficient energy production in mitochondria
Balanced inflammatory response
Healthy cell membrane fluidity and function
Optimal nerve signal transmission
Appropriate substrate availability for EPA and DHA conversion
Healthy blood lipid profiles
Cardiovascular system support
Balanced immune system function
Proper hormone signaling
Enhanced metabolic flexibility
Support for skin barrier function
Improved insulin sensitivity

Deficiency

Decreased energy production
Dry, flaky skin
Brittle nails
Poor wound healing
Impaired growth in children
Suboptimal neurological function
Reduced cognitive performance
Increased inflammatory markers
Altered fat metabolism
Decreased insulin sensitivity
Reduced exercise recovery
Poor temperature regulation

Severe Deficiency

Growth retardation
Impaired immune function
Neurological complications
Severe skin issues (dermatitis)
Reduced vision function
Increased susceptibility to infections
Significant cognitive impairment
Severe metabolic dysregulation
Pronounced cardiovascular risk factors
Potential reproductive issues
Severely compromised energy production
Profound inflammatory dysregulation

Excess (Uncommon)

Rarely problematic at intakes from food sources
Theoretical increased bleeding time (at very high supplemental doses)
Potential for increased lipid peroxidation without adequate antioxidant status
Possible interference with omega-6 metabolism at extremely high doses
Gastrointestinal discomfort (with large supplemental doses)
Fishy aftertaste or burping (more common with fish oil than ALA sources)

Recommended Dosage

ALA intake is measured in grams (g).

General Recommendations

By Age Group

Age Group	AI (g/day)
Infants (0-12 months)	0.5
Children (1-3 years)	0.7
Children (4-8 years)	0.9
Boys (9-13 years)	1.2
Girls (9-13 years)	1.0
Boys (14-18 years)	1.6
Girls (14-18 years)	1.1
Men (19+ years)	1.6
Women (19+ years)	1.1
Pregnancy	1.4
Lactation	1.3

For Specific Body Types

Male (85kg, 181cm)

Standard AI: 1.6 g/day
Adjusted for athletic activity: 2.0-3.0 g/day
For optimal cognitive performance (Huberman/Patrick): 1.6-3.0 g/day with focus on balanced omega-3:omega-6 ratio

Female (52kg, 171cm)

Standard AI: 1.1 g/day
Adjusted for athletic activity: 1.6-2.0 g/day
For optimal cognitive performance (Huberman/Patrick): 1.1-2.0 g/day with focus on balanced omega-3:omega-6 ratio

The AI (Adequate Intake) represents the minimum amount needed to prevent deficiency. Many experts suggest higher intakes and emphasize the importance of the ratio between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, ideally closer to 1:4 rather than the typical Western diet ratio of 1:15-20.

According to Dr. Huberman and other brain health researchers, higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids (including ALA, but especially EPA and DHA) may be beneficial for cognitive performance, mood regulation, and brain health. Dr. Saladino notes that those following animal-based diets may need less direct ALA if consuming adequate EPA and DHA from animal sources.

Safe Upper Limits & Toxicity

Maximum Safe Dosage

Upper Intake Levels

No official Upper Limit (UL) has been established for ALA by major health organizations. Research suggests that intakes up to 6-7 g/day are well-tolerated by most people.

For Specific Body Types

Male (85kg, 181cm)

No established upper limit
Intakes up to 6-7 g/day appear safe for most healthy adults
Higher doses should be approached with caution if on blood-thinning medications

Female (52kg, 171cm)

No established upper limit
Intakes up to 5-6 g/day appear safe for most healthy adults
Same precautions regarding blood-thinning medications

Note: The safety of ALA is generally high, with adverse effects being rare from food sources. However, extremely high doses from supplements should be approached with caution.

Dr. Rhonda Patrick and other researchers note that oxidation of ALA (particularly in supplement form) is a greater concern than direct toxicity. Storing ALA-rich oils properly (refrigerated, dark bottles) and consuming them before expiration is important for both safety and efficacy.

Dangerous Dose Levels

Acute Toxicity: Not established; unlikely from dietary sources
Chronic Toxicity: Not established; theoretical concerns at extremely high doses (>10g/day for extended periods)
Blood Levels: ALA levels in blood are not routinely measured clinically

Signs of ALA Excess

Signs of excessive ALA intake are rare but may include:

Extended bleeding time (theoretical at very high doses)
Gastrointestinal discomfort
Fishy aftertaste or burping (more common with fish oil than ALA sources)
Increased risk of lipid peroxidation if antioxidant status is poor
Potential immunosuppression at extremely high doses (theoretical)

Health Effects and Benefits

Energy Production

Supports mitochondrial membrane integrity
Influences cellular energy metabolism
May improve mitochondrial efficiency
Reduces inflammation that can impair energy production
Supports insulin sensitivity for proper glucose utilization
Enhances metabolic flexibility
May improve exercise endurance
Helps optimize thyroid hormone function

Cardiovascular Health

Reduces inflammation in blood vessels
May help lower triglyceride levels
Supports healthy blood pressure
Improves endothelial function
May reduce risk of arrhythmias
Helps maintain arterial elasticity
Supports balanced blood lipid profiles
May reduce platelet aggregation

Nervous System Function

Incorporated into brain cell membranes
Supports neurotransmitter function
Promotes neuroplasticity (especially through conversion to DHA)
Helps regulate neuroinflammation
Supports myelin sheath integrity
May improve nerve signal transmission
Potential neuroprotective properties
Supports overall brain development

Immune Function

Helps regulate immune responses
Promotes resolution of inflammation
Balances pro-inflammatory cytokine production
Supports immune cell membrane function
May improve resistance to infections
Helps regulate autoimmune responses
Supports gut immune function
Facilitates production of specialized pro-resolving mediators

Metabolic Health

Improves insulin sensitivity
Supports glucose metabolism
Helps regulate fat storage and utilization
May reduce visceral adiposity
Supports healthy liver function
Helps maintain metabolic flexibility
May improve mitochondrial function
Supports healthy adipose tissue function

Reproductive Health

Supports hormone production
Important for fetal brain development
May improve fertility outcomes
Supports placental function
Helps regulate menstrual cycle
May reduce pregnancy complications
Supports lactation quality
Helps balance reproductive hormones

Deficiency Symptoms

ALA deficiency can cause:

Dry, scaly skin
Poor wound healing
Growth retardation in children
Reduced vision acuity
Impaired nervous system function
Decreased cognitive performance
Tingling in extremities
Increased inflammation markers
Brittle nails and hair
Fatigue and reduced energy
Impaired immune function
Poor temperature regulation
Reproductive issues
Increased cardiovascular risk factors
Joint stiffness and pain
Mood disturbances
Poor exercise recovery
Altered fat metabolism

Sources of ALA

Food Sources with Amounts to Meet Requirements

Animal Sources

Food	Serving Size	ALA Content (mg)	Amount to Reach AI (1.6g)	Amount to Reach UL (N/A)
Grass-fed beef	100g (3.5 oz)	80	2kg (70.5 oz)	N/A
Pasture-raised eggs	1 large	30	53 eggs	N/A
Wild-caught salmon	100g (3.5 oz)	50-100	1.6-3.2kg (56-113 oz)	N/A
Sardines	100g (3.5 oz)	40-50	3.2-4kg (113-141 oz)	N/A
Mackerel	100g (3.5 oz)	50-100	1.6-3.2kg (56-113 oz)	N/A
Oysters	100g (3.5 oz)	30-50	3.2-5.3kg (113-187 oz)	N/A
Grass-fed butter	1 tbsp (14g)	15-30	53-107 tbsp	N/A
Grass-fed milk	240ml (1 cup)	20-40	40-80 cups	N/A
Grass-fed cheese	28g (1 oz)	15-30	53-107 oz	N/A

Plant Sources

Food	Serving Size	ALA Content (g)	Amount to Reach AI (1.6g)	Amount to Reach UL (N/A)
Flaxseeds	1 tbsp (10g)	2.3	0.7 tbsp (7g)	N/A
Chia seeds	1 tbsp (12g)	1.8	0.9 tbsp (11g)	N/A
Walnuts	28g (1 oz)	2.6	0.6 oz (17g)	N/A
Hemp seeds	1 tbsp (10g)	0.9	1.8 tbsp (18g)	N/A
Canola oil	1 tbsp (14g)	1.3	1.2 tbsp (17g)	N/A
Soybean oil	1 tbsp (14g)	0.9	1.8 tbsp (25g)	N/A
Edamame	100g (3.5 oz)	0.3	533g (18.8 oz)	N/A
Brussels sprouts	100g (3.5 oz)	0.2	800g (28.2 oz)	N/A
Avocado	1 medium	0.2	8 avocados	N/A
Spinach	100g (3.5 oz)	0.1	1,600g (56.4 oz)	N/A

*Note: ALA content can vary based on growing conditions, feed, preparation methods, and specific varieties. These values are averages. There is no established UL (Upper Limit) for ALA.

Supplements

Types of ALA Supplements

Flaxseed Oil: Concentrated liquid form, typically contains 7-8g ALA per tablespoon
Flaxseed Capsules: Convenient form, typically 500-1000mg ALA per capsule
Chia Seed Oil: Less common than flaxseed oil but similar ALA content
ALA-Enhanced Supplements: Often combined with EPA and DHA in various ratios
Vegan Omega-3 Blends: Plant-based omega-3 supplements, often featuring ALA as the primary component
Hempseed Oil: Contains ALA along with some GLA (an omega-6 fatty acid)
Algal Oils: Some contain ALA alongside EPA and DHA
Mixed Omega-3-6-9 Supplements: Provide ALA in combination with other fatty acids

Considerations When Choosing Supplements

Freshness: ALA oxidizes easily; look for products with added antioxidants like vitamin E
Storage: Choose dark bottles and refrigerate after opening
Purity: Select brands with third-party testing for contaminants
Conversion Goals: If targeting EPA/DHA levels, consider supplements with both ALA and preformed EPA/DHA
Dose Size: Match to your needs based on dietary intake
Form: Liquid forms provide higher doses but capsules are more convenient
Ratio Balance: Consider your overall omega-3 to omega-6 ratio
Additional Ingredients: Some formulations include complementary nutrients like vitamins or minerals

Dr. Huberman often recommends considering both plant and marine sources of omega-3s for comprehensive benefits, while Dr. Saladino typically emphasizes animal-based EPA and DHA sources over ALA supplementation for those following animal-based diets.

ALA Optimization Strategies

Absorption Enhancement

Consume with Fats: Take ALA-rich foods or supplements with a meal containing healthy fats
Emulsification: Grinding flaxseeds improves ALA availability compared to whole seeds
Oil Form: ALA in oil form is generally better absorbed than ALA bound in fibrous matrices
Cooking Considerations: Minimize high-heat cooking of ALA-rich oils to prevent oxidation
Meal Timing: Spread intake throughout the day rather than single large doses
Digestive Support: Adequate bile production is essential for ALA absorption
Enzyme Activity: Supporting digestive enzyme function improves utilization
Intestinal Health: Maintaining gut integrity enhances absorption

Conversion Enhancement Strategies

Reduce Omega-6: Limiting excessive linoleic acid (LA) improves ALA conversion to EPA/DHA
Zinc Adequacy: Ensure sufficient zinc, which is required for desaturase enzymes
B-Vitamin Status: B6, B3, and biotin support enzymes involved in ALA metabolism
Magnesium Importance: Adequate magnesium improves conversion efficiency
Vitamin C Role: Acts as a cofactor in fatty acid metabolism
Alcohol Limitation: Reducing alcohol consumption improves conversion
Insulin Sensitivity: Maintaining healthy insulin response supports optimal ALA utilization
Exercise Effect: Regular physical activity may improve conversion rates
Trans-Fat Reduction: Artificial trans fats inhibit conversion enzymes

Dietary Strategies

Seed Rotation: Incorporate different ALA-rich seeds throughout the week
Oil Freshness: Purchase smaller quantities of ALA-rich oils and use quickly
Grass-Fed Focus: Choose grass-fed animal products for higher ALA content
Green Vegetable Inclusion: Include leafy greens for complementary nutrients
Culinary Herbs: Add herbs like purslane which contain ALA
Balance Approach: Maintain balance between ALA, EPA, and DHA sources
Whole Food Priority: Favor whole food sources over isolated oils when possible
Meal Planning: Incorporate ALA-rich foods at regular intervals throughout the week
Cooking Methods: Use low-temperature cooking methods for ALA-rich foods

Supplement Strategies for Optimal Energy

Form Selection: Choose ALA supplements with demonstrated stability and bioavailability
Timing Strategy: Take with breakfast or lunch rather than evening meals
Dose Distribution: Split larger amounts into multiple doses throughout the day
Antioxidant Pairing: Combine with antioxidants like vitamin E to prevent oxidation
Exercise Support: Consider slightly higher intake on training days
Stress Protocol: Increase intake during periods of high stress
Testing Protocol: Periodically assess omega-3 index to gauge overall status
Cycling Approach: Some practitioners recommend varying doses based on seasonal needs

Synergistic Nutrients

Vitamin E: Protects ALA from oxidation
Magnesium: Essential for enzymes involved in ALA metabolism
Zinc: Required for desaturase enzyme function
B Vitamins: Cofactors in fatty acid metabolism
Vitamin C: Supports healthy fatty acid utilization
Selenium: Works with ALA in antioxidant pathways
Coenzyme Q10: Supports mitochondrial function alongside ALA
Lipoic Acid: Complementary effects on metabolic health
Curcumin: Enhances anti-inflammatory benefits of omega-3s

Special Considerations

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

ALA is essential for fetal brain and nervous system development
Requirements increase during pregnancy and lactation
Conversion to DHA is enhanced during pregnancy
ALA content in breast milk reflects maternal intake
Adequate intake may reduce risk of preterm birth
May support maternal mood regulation during pregnancy and postpartum
Safe to consume from food sources during pregnancy
Supplement caution: consult healthcare provider for appropriate dosing

Medical Conditions Affecting ALA

Diabetes: May impair conversion to EPA/DHA
Hypothyroidism: Can reduce conversion efficiency
Inflammatory bowel disease: May affect absorption
Liver disease: Impairs conversion and metabolism
Genetic variations: Some people have naturally lower conversion ability
Obesity: May increase requirements and reduce utilization
Autoimmune conditions: May benefit from increased intake
Metabolic syndrome: Often associated with poor omega-3 status

Medication Interactions

Blood thinners: High doses of ALA may enhance anticoagulant effects
Diabetes medications: May have additive effects on blood glucose
Blood pressure medications: Potential for enhanced blood pressure reduction
Anti-inflammatory drugs: Complementary effects possible
Hormone therapy: May affect hormone regulation
Lipid-lowering drugs: Potential complementary effects
Weight loss medications: May affect absorption
Immunosuppressants: Theoretical interactions at very high doses

Personalized Recommendations

For Male (85kg, 181cm)

Aim for at least the AI of 1.6 g/day; athletic individuals may benefit from 2.0-3.0 g/day
Include 1-2 tablespoons of ground flaxseed or 1 ounce of walnuts daily
Consider 1-2 servings of fatty fish weekly for complementary EPA/DHA
Focus on reducing omega-6 intake from processed foods and vegetable oils
For optimal omega-3 status, consider periodically testing omega-3 index
For cognitive enhancement, combine ALA with preformed EPA/DHA sources
During periods of intense training, increase intake by 0.5-1.0 g/day
Store ALA-rich oils in the refrigerator and consume within 6-8 weeks of opening
Consider adding antioxidant-rich foods when consuming higher amounts of ALA

For Female (52kg, 171cm)

Target the AI of 1.1 g/day; active women may benefit from 1.6-2.0 g/day
Include 1 tablespoon of ground flaxseed or 2/3 ounce of walnuts daily
Consider fatty fish 1-2 times weekly for complementary EPA/DHA
Women may have better ALA to EPA/DHA conversion than men
Increase intake by 0.3 g/day during menstruation if experiencing more inflammation
For those considering pregnancy, ensure consistent adequate intake
Balance omega-3 and omega-6 intake for optimal hormonal health
Consider moderate increases during high-stress periods
Similar storage recommendations apply (refrigeration, air-tight containers)

Activity-Level Adjustments

Sedentary: Standard AI is usually sufficient
Moderately Active: Increase by 0.3-0.5 g/day
Athletic/Intense Training: Increase by 0.5-1.0 g/day
Endurance Athletes: May benefit from increases of 1.0-1.5 g/day
High-Stress Periods: Consider temporary increases of 0.3-0.5 g/day
Recovery Phases: Emphasis on consistent intake rather than higher doses

ALA for Cognitive Performance

Current Research Highlights

ALA contributes to brain structure through incorporation into neural membranes
Limited conversion to DHA remains important for cognitive function
Direct ALA effects include modulation of neural inflammation
May support executive function and processing speed
Higher intake associated with reduced age-related cognitive decline in some studies
Supports cerebrovascular health and brain blood flow
Plant-based ALA serves as crucial brain nutrient for vegetarians/vegans
Balancing ALA with EPA/DHA provides most comprehensive cognitive benefits

Implementation Strategies

Combine ALA foods with preformed EPA/DHA sources when possible
Morning consumption aligns with cognitive demands of the day
Consistent daily intake may be more important than timing
Pair with antioxidant-rich foods to protect against oxidation
Support conversion with cofactors (zinc, magnesium, B-vitamins)
Balance omega-3 and omega-6 intake for optimal brain inflammation regulation
Monitor subjective cognitive effects when optimizing intake
Consider direct EPA/DHA supplementation if cognitive enhancement is primary goal

ALA for Energy Production

Metabolic Mechanisms

Supports mitochondrial membrane integrity and function
Helps regulate cellular energy metabolism
Reduces systemic inflammation that can impair energy production
Supports insulin sensitivity for efficient glucose utilization
Enhances metabolic flexibility (switching between energy substrates)
Improves cellular communication critical for energy regulation
Supports thyroid function and hormone signaling
Facilitates efficient oxygen utilization in tissues

Implementation Strategies

Emphasize morning/midday consumption for daytime energy support
Combine with B-complex vitamins for enhanced energy metabolism
Pair with antioxidants to protect mitochondrial function
Integrate with magnesium for optimal ATP production
Time moderate amounts before exercise for metabolic support
Focus on consistency rather than large single doses
Consider higher intake during intensive training periods
Monitor subjective energy improvements with consistent use

Expert Insights

Dr. Huberman emphasizes the importance of balanced omega-3:omega-6 ratios for optimal brain energy
Dr. Rhonda Patrick highlights ALA’s role in mitochondrial function and metabolic health
Dr. Paul Saladino notes that while animal sources of omega-3s (EPA/DHA) are preferred on carnivore diets, some ALA from animal sources contributes to metabolic flexibility
Dr. Shawn Baker discusses how balancing fatty acid intake supports athletic performance and recovery
Research suggests that ALA’s benefits for energy metabolism may be both direct and through its partial conversion to EPA and DHA

Summary

Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) is an essential omega-3 fatty acid that plays important roles in energy metabolism, cognitive function, cardiovascular health, and inflammation regulation. While often overshadowed by its metabolites EPA and DHA, ALA offers unique benefits and serves as an important dietary component, especially for those following plant-based diets.

Getting Enough: Most people benefit from consuming the AI of 1.1-1.6 g/day through a combination of plant sources (flaxseeds, chia, walnuts) and animal sources (grass-fed meat, dairy, eggs)
Avoiding Excess: While no upper limit exists, extremely high doses are unnecessary and could theoretically increase bleeding risk in sensitive individuals
Best Approach: Focus on fresh, properly stored sources of ALA and consider the broader context of omega-3:omega-6 balance
Form Matters: Ground flaxseeds provide more bioavailable ALA than whole seeds; oils should be fresh and refrigerated
Energy Optimization: Regular intake supports mitochondrial function, metabolic flexibility, and efficient energy production
Cognitive Enhancement: While direct effects exist, ALA’s cognitive benefits are enhanced when combined with sources of preformed EPA and DHA
Synergistic Approach: Combine with appropriate cofactors (B vitamins, magnesium, zinc) and antioxidants for optimal results

Remember that individual nutritional needs vary based on activity level, stress, gender, genetic factors, and overall diet pattern. For those on primarily animal-based diets, focusing on EPA and DHA sources may be more efficient, while those on plant-based diets should ensure adequate ALA intake along with consideration of algal EPA/DHA supplements.